biology module 6

Population size is a balance between death rate and rate of reproduction. The arrows in a food chain show the direction of energy transfer. Quickly memorize the terms, phrases and much more. What are the 11 major tasks cells must perform? Methods used to get the vector into the recipient cell include: Enzymes known as restriction enzymes (restriction endonucleases) are used to cut through DNA at specific points. It weeds out ineffective or harmful T lymphocytes during the development of the immune system. Content Focus Topic 1: Mutation Topic 2: Biotechnology Topic 3: Genetic Technologies Content Focus for HSC Biology Module 6: Genetic Change. Plasmids are found in many types of bacteria and are separate from the main bacterial chromosome. It explores the application of biology and its significance in finding solutions to health and sustainability issues in a changing world. Notes. Bacteria can gain useful characteristics, so they’re more likely to have an advantage over other microorganisms, which increases their chance of survival. This includes: Malnutrition is having a lack of proper nutrition, caused by not an unbalanced diet – not having enough to eat or not eating enough of the right things. Fewer predators survive = predator population decreases. If the rates are not balanced: Cell signalling plays a crucial role in maintaining the right balance. 3. Module 6: Genetic Change. temperature, pH of soil, soil type, light intensity, oxygen concentrations, carbon dioxide concentrations. The impact of biotechnology on biological diversity is also explored in this module. Get our latest COVID-19 advice. amino acids, proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, ethanol, lactate. For example, if a predator’s population size goes up, the population size of the prey will go down. Cram.com makes it easy to get the grade you want! This method uses fully differentiated cells (adult, fully-grown, developed cells found in the body) with specific genes switched on or off to suit their requirements. Comparative gene mapping – knowing the sequence of bases in a gene of one organism and being able to compare genes for the same (or similar) proteins across a range of organisms. Primers – short, single stranded sequences of known bases (around 10-20 bases in length), that are the ‘starting point’ for DNA polymerase to bind – DNA polymerase enzymes cannot bind directly to single-stranded DNA. food supply, predation, disease, competition. Match. Why will this kill the cell? HSC Biology: FAQs. (d) explain, with examples, the terms interspecific and intraspecific competition. Unfortunately, a steadily increasing human population can threaten biodiversity through: Conservation can involve establishing protected areas such as National Parks or Sites of Special Scientific Interest. A cell begins running low on food, and its energy output decreases by 20%. The characteristics of the genetic code includes: Transcription – the creation of a single-stranded mRNA copy of the DNA coding strand. Ecosystems are dynamic systems because the population rises and falls due to the interactions of living organisms between each other and with the physical environment. The recipient cell expresses the gene through protein synthesis. Translation – the assembly of polypeptides (proteins) at ribosomes. The nutrient medium in which the microorganisms grow could also support the growth of many unwanted microorganisms. View Module 6 Lecture 1 Slides.pdf from BIO 2B03 at McMaster University. A transect is a line taken across a habitat. The development of automated sequencing has led to a rapid increase in the number of organism genomes sequenced and published in recent years. Do you have any questions for me at this time? Continue those over several generations until cows with very high eat yields are produced, e.g. There are always less consumers as the pyramid gets higher due to energy loss at each trophic level. Conservation is the maintenance of biodiversity, including diversity between species, genetic diversity withinspecies, and maintenance of a variety of habitats and ecosystems.Conservation is a dynamic process involving management and reclamation. A differentiated cell from an adult can be taken, and its nucleus placed in an egg cell which has had its own nucleus removed (enucleated cell). Population – all of the organisms of one species , who live in the same place at the same time, and can breed together. Vectors often have to contain regulatory sequences of DNA to ensure that the inserted gene is transcribed in the host cell. The work of scientists in various fields of work, including agriculture, industry and medicine, can be explored within the context of biotechnology. The cytoskeleton and the endoplasmic reticulum. Non-reproductive cloning generates cells, tissues and organs – can replace those damaged by diseases or accidents. A phospholipid has two fatty acid molecules and a small molecule with a phosphate group, whereas a normal lipid just has 3 fatty acid molecules. EasyHSC is a free online resource for students studying the NSW HSC. Test. Biology, Module 6 OCR Flashcards Decks in this Class (6): 611 Cellular Control. They secrete enzymes onto dead and waste material. Radioactive marker – the location can be revealed by exposure to, Fluorescent marker – emits a colour on exposure to, It was found that only mice infected with the S-strain were killed by a protein that was, Augmentation (adding genes) – applies to conditions that are caused by, Killing Specific Cells – e.g. In 2006, scientists reported that engineering of the human nucleotidase enzyme (E5’N) into pig cells in culture reduced the active of a number of immune cell activities involved in xenotransplant rejection. Apoptosis – programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms. Module 6: Genetics, Evolution and Ecosystems. Have you had any challenges navigating the course? However, it is important to remember that many cut plasmids will, in the presence of ligase enzymes, simply reseal to reform the original plasmid. Click on the white circle connected to an organelle to see the name and function.Very simple and easy to understand. It is often more efficient to use isolated enzymes to carry out the reaction rather than growing the whole organism or using an inorganic catalyst. Plasmid – a small circular piece of DNA. Module 7: Lipids and Membranes. In many areas of clinical research and diagnosis and in some industrial processes, the product of a single chemical reaction is required. Even so, the process is very inefficient – less than a quarter of 1% of bacterial cells take up a plasmid. HSC Biology Syllabus Notes Module 6 / Inquiry Question 3. Examples include: Ecosystem – all living organisms and non-living components in a specific habitat, and the interrelationships between them. Microbes get a supply of energy to stay alive, and the trapped nutrients are recycled. What information can we decipher from assesses the impacts of applications of biology on society and the environment 6. by Ashish Singh. About Us | Contact Us | Privacy Policy | Terms and Conditions | Sitemap, GCSE, IGCSE, A-Level, and IB Biology Resources & Revision for all exam boards, Unit 2: Body Systems, Genetics, Microorganisms and Health, Unit 1: Cells, Living Processes and Biodiversity, Biology 1: Adaptation, Evolution and Body Maintenance, Biology 2: Cells and Metabolism, Digestion and Respiration, Biodiversity, 1. Predation can act as a limiting factor on a prey’s population size. Preservation is the protection of ecosystems, as yet unused by humans, leaving it untouched so it is kept exactly as it is. Secondary metabolites – substances produced by an organism that are not part of its normal growth, e.g. It contains past exam questions (Old & New Spec) and its answers below. new cells and cellular components, chemicals such as hormones and enzymes, waste products such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, urea, ammonia, nitrates. The endothelium (inner lining) of the artery can become damaged. Module 10: DNA Replication. Bacteria and fungi feed saprotrophically so are called saprophytes. The conditions that affect the microorganisms being cultured include: Asepsis – the absence of unwanted microorganisms. There are 57 lessons in the HSC Study Lab Year 12 Biology course, which corresponds to the 120 indicative hours of study required by the syllabus. What make it possible for the plasma membrane to self-assemble? Blog. geraniums, a section of the stem is cut between leaf joints (nodes). of individuals of the species in each quadrat, fraction of the total habitat are covered by a quadrat. To join isolated fragments of DNA, an enzyme known as DNA ligase catalyses the condensation reaction that joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the DNA double helix together. In this process, copies of plasmid DNA are passed between bacteria, sometimes even of different species. When together, there was competition for food, with Paramecium aurelia obtaining more food effectively than Parameciumcaudatum, resulting in Paramecium caudatum dying out and the numbers for Paramecium aurelia increasing, eventually becoming the only species remaining. Activation of Protein Kinase A by cAMP Image Source: OpenStax CNX The genetic control of the development of body plans in different organisms. If bacteria and fungi did not break down dead organisms then energy and valuable nutrients would remain trapped in the dead organisms. Neet 2020, Neet 2021, Allen test, Allen pdf, Medical exam, medical college, Jee, studypedia, Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. explain how a range of mutagens operate, including but not limited to: – electromagnetic radiation sources – chemicals – naturally occurring mutagens. Biology: Module 6. (f) explain how the management of an ecosystem can provide resources in a sustainable way, with reference to timber production in a temperate country. The, Grafting – e.g. Competition occurs when resources(like food or water) are not present in adequate amounts to satisfy the needs of all the individuals who depend on those resources. cytoplasm, smooth and rough ER, Golgi bodies, secretion and waste vacuoles, centrioles, cytoskeleton. Transformed bacteria – bacterial cells that take up the plasmid. However, this coding DNA is only 1.5% of the genome of humans. Isolated enzymes can be produced in large quantities in commercial biotechnological processes. Selective breeding involves selecting plants with good characteristics (e.g. Don't worry about the biosynthesis necessary to get the secretion product. One situation is the potential conflict between our need for resources and conservation is in wood and timber production. There are two methods of artificially cloning animals: Cells from a developing embryo can be separated out, with each one then going on to produce a separate, genetically identical organism. Individuals within a population who have a certain characteristic may be better adapted to the new environment. We are an organization comprising of the most qualified, experienced and passionate HSC teachers/markers whose mission is to help students achieve the best in their final years of schooling. Study Flashcards On Apolgia Biology Module 6 Study Guide at Cram.com. Useful in checking your knowledge. Module 5: Amino Acids and Proteins. In this week notes, we will be exploring the importance of mutation in creating new alleles, thus increasing genetic variation and thus affecting evolution. Designed for students studying AQA (spec. Collect eggs from a high-value female (e.g. high milk yield in cows) and collect sperm from a high-value male. How do you feel about the level of difficulty in the assignments? Biology Module 6 DBA Conclusion How do you feel about the pace of the course? Write. Reproductive cloning generates genetically identical organisms. Module #6 - Cell Structure DURING THIS MODULE: Go to at least one of these links each day to study the organelles you are learning. It can also be useful for measuring the height of plants. What is the difference between a phospholipid and a regular lipid? Golden RiceTM is a type of genetically engineered rice produced to reduce vitamin A deficiency. Aseptic technique – refers to the measures to ensure that unwanted microorganisms do not contaminate the culture that is being grown or the products that are extracted. The advantages of using cloned cells include: There are many possibilities for non-reproductive cloning, including: These techniques are often referred to as therapeutic cloning. It can be carried out on tiny samples of DNA in order to generate multiple copies of the sample. Autotroph – an organism that uses light energy to synthesise its own complex organic molecules. Module 3 Plant Biology Resources available. The energy is stored in dead organisms and waste material which can only be accessed by decomposers. Large quantities of the plasmid are mixed with bacterial cells, some of which will take up the recombinant plasmid. The quadrat is placed randomly and the abundance is measures. Log (exponential) phase – population size. Rice plants (Oryza sativa) contain the gene that code for the production of beta-carotene. These have been made according to the specifications (H020, H420, H021, H421) and cover all the relevant topics for examination in May/June. Allotransplantation – transplantation of cells tissue or organs between animals of the same species. 3.1 Biological Molecules; 3.2 Cells; 3.3 Organisms exchange substances with their environment; 3.4 Genetic information, variation and relationships between organisms; 3.5 Energy transfers in and between organisms; 3.6 Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments Biotic factors – the effects of living organisms, e.g. What helps the cell hold its shape if it does not have a cell wall? Electrophoresis – used to separate DNA fragments based on their size. Polypeptide – a polymer consisting of a chain of amino acids residues joined by peptide bonds. This can be seen in the condition known as antennapedia – where the antennae of Drosophila look more like legs. Nitrogen gas is very unreactive, so is impossible for plants to use it directly. The egg then goes through the stages of development using genetic information from the inserted nucleus. A pure culture contains one microorganism and a mixed culture contains multiple species. How does a plant cell fight osmosis in a hypotonic solution? The syllabus, assessment and reporting information and other support materials for the Biology course. The excess cells shrink, fragment and are phagocytosed so that the components are reused and no harmful hydrolytic enzymes are released into the surrounded tissue. Protons are released into the cytosol. Energy is used for respiration which is lost through heatenergy. The production of secondary metabolites usually begins after the main growth period of the organisms – does not match the growth in population of the organism. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. Transgenic organism – an organism that contains DNA that has been added to its cells as a result from genetic engineering. Biology-HSC-Module-5-Notes_(1). Cyclic AMP activates proteins by altering their three-dimension structure, so that their shape is a better fit to their complementary molecules. Mitotic mutations are somatic mutations and are not passed on to offspring. The lac operon is a section of DNA within the bacterium’s DNA, consisting of: The regulator gene controls the production of repressor protein. Just deal with the process after the product is made. In adults, 50-70 million cells per day undergo apoptosis. The probe is labelled one of two ways by attaching to the phosphate on nucleotides: Different bases will have different coloured markers so that they can be distinguished. A habitat cannot support a population larger than its carrying capacity because of the limiting factors, which place a limit on population size. The enzyme is derived from a thermophilic bacterium, Thermus aquaticus (Taq), which grows in hot springs at a temperature of 90oC. 1 Module 6: Genetic Change; 2 Mutation. Any unwanted microorganism is called a contaminant. Genome – the entire DNA sequence of that organism. Abiotic factors– the effects of non-living components, e.g. Biology Module 6 (Study Guide Questions) STUDY. fruit tree or rosebush, a, Using Tissue Culture – used in order to generate, After a few weeks, the growing shoots are transferred onto a, The growing plants are then transferred to a. If a gene is altered by a change to its base sequence, it becomes another version of the same gene – an allele. Industrial-scale fermentations can be operated in two ways: Metabolites – the products of metabolism (the sum of all of the chemical reactions in an organism), e.g. Spell. The course examines the interactions between living things and the environments in which they live. very large cows. In vegetarians and those without access to meat, vitamin A is derived from the intake of beta-carotene (precursor), which is converted to active vitamin A in the gut. Plasmids may contain: People who cannot produce the hormone insulin suffer from type I diabetes mellitus. Golgi bodies, secretion vesicle, plasma membrane, cell wall. Module 1 - Cells as the Basis of Life; Module 2 - Organisation of Living Things; Module 3 - Biological Diversity; Module 4 - Ecosystem Dynamics. 1 BIOLOGY 2B03 Cellular Biology Module 6: Cell signaling Lecture 1: Concepts in signaling Objectives • Describe signaling NESA is regularly updating its advice as the coronavirus outbreak unfolds. List the four stages of aerobic cellular respiration in the order in which they occur. There are two types of competition: In 1934, GeorgyiFrantsevitchGause grew two species of Paramecium, both separately and together. Clones – genes, cells or whole organisms that carry identical genetic material because they are derived from the same original DNA. Plants need fixed nitrogen as ammonium ions (NH4+) or nitrate ions (NO3). A scientist determines a means to extract all ADP from a cell. Wile, Exploring Creation with Biology 2nd Edition, Name the organelles that play a role in biosynthesis, ribosomes, smooth ER and rough ER, Golgi bodies,chloroplasts, leucoplasts, nucleus. Biology module 5 and 6 guide (docx 113.95 KB) Module 5 reproduction unit of work (docx 48.97 KB) Genetic variation and human evolution resource (pdf 142.96 KB) Module 7 guide (docx 98.27 KB) Module 7 infectious disease assessment task (docx 49.76 KB) Module 7 … Mutation – a change in the amount of or arrangement of the genetic material in a cell, by base deletion, addition, substitution or by inversion or repeat of a triplet. If a cell dies by implosion, what kind of solution (isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic) was it in? Allele – an alternative version of a gene. However, maintaining biodiversity in dynamic ecosystems requires careful management. It includes summary notes I used for my A level revision last school year. It’s important to choose the right size of the quadrat (normally 50cm or 1m quadrats are used) depending on the size of the area. During limb development apoptosis causes the digits (fingers and toes) to separate from each other. Bacteria is involved in the recycling of nitrogen. Population size = mean no. The new plant is genetically identical to the parent. Although Genetic Change may seem like a short module, it focuses on a few, complicated concepts. Why your go-to-market strategy should be industry focused Meiotic mutations and gamete formation can be inherited (passed on to offspring). This is an important source of vitamin D, because much of the food that humans eat contains very little vitamin D. The Inuit people have not lost all their skin pigments, although they do not live in an environment that has intense sunlight. As plants die and decay, nutrients accumulate in this mini sand dune. Gene Therapy – adding new alleles to the DNA of cells to treat genetic disorders – we are only able to treat recessive disorders. Succession – a change in a habitat causing a change in the make-up of a community. Gene – a length of DNA that codes for one or more polypeptides, including enzymes. Mutations with Harmful or Beneficial Effects: Early humans in Africa almost certainly had dark skin. 7.6.1 – How does DNA Fingerprinting Work? The DNA of all organisms contains sections known as genes which code for the production of polypeptides and proteins. 3 1.1 Mutagens . Module 11: DNA Transcription. An industrial-scale fermenter is essentially a huge tank, which may have capacity of tens of thousands of litres. Without genetic mutations there would be not evolution. It’s caused by: Obesity is thought to be the most important dietary factor in the following health problems: You can measure whether a person is obese or not using their BMI (Body Mass Index): Problems with BMI – why might someone be placed in the wrong health category based on BMI score? The two main reasons for carrying out genetic engineering are: There are 4 steps of genetic engineering: The gene, one packaged in a vector, can form quite a large molecule that does not easily cross the membrane to enter the recipient cell. Genome sequencing – the technique used to give the base sequence of DNA of a particular organism. HDLs are associated with reduced deposition in the artery walls so is best maintain a high proportion of HDLs in our blood. If a cell has no oxygen, what stage(s) of aerobic cellular respiration can still run? (b) explain the meaning of the term carrying capacity, (c) describe predator-prey relationships and their possible effects on the population sizes of both the predator and the prey. Vectors carry the desired gene to the recipient cell. The DNA polymerase enzyme is described as ‘thermophilic’ because it is not denatured by the extreme temperatures used in the process. More intensive methods need to be used to exploit our environment for resources, however such methods can disrupt or destroy ecosystems, reduce biodiversity or deplete resources. Biology Stage 6 Year 11 biology course topics. Transfer RNA (tRNA) – lengths of RNA that fold into hairpin shapes and have three exposed bases at one end where a particular amino acid can bind. When a current is applied, charged molecules are attracted to the oppositely charged electrode. 3 1.1.1 Electromagnetic The first animal cloned by this method was Dolly the sheep in 1996, which was successful after 277 attempts. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the result of atherosclerosis. Therefore the structural genes are switched off and lactose is not broken down. Homeobox genes each contain a sequence of 180 base pairs (homeobox) coding for the homeodomain. Mutations cause changes to the sequence of nucleotides in DNA molecules. A) Biology. Study Owen Bradley's Biology module 6 flashcards now! Niche – the role that each species plays in an ecosystem. Until the early 1980s, insulin was extracted from the pancreatic tissues of slaughtered pigs, which is not identical to human insulin, is less effective and very expensive to produce, since only a very small amount of insulin is present in pancreatic tissue. It is still at the same locus on the chromosome and codes for the same polypeptide but the alteration to the DNA base sequence may alter the protein’s structure. We do not eat lipoproteins, but our diet has a significant effect on the lipoprotein concentration in our blood. Cholesterol is essential to the normal functioning of the body. Homeobox genes genetically mediate development of organisms: Mutations of these genes can change one body part to another. Intraspecific competition- competition between individuals of the, Interspecific competition- competition between individuals of, Interspecific competition could result in, Important to realise that in the laboratory, it’s, The different sized DNA strands run through the machine (. Having been absorbed, the molecules are stored or respired to release energy. The damage is repaired by of white blood cells (phagocytes)encouraging the growth of smooth muscle and the deposition of fatty substances. They carry the codons that are used to be make the polypeptide. Get ready to ace the HSC and get that Band 6 in HSC Biology! This gene can then function within any cell where that gene is required. Module 9: DNA and RNA. The enzymes digest the material into small molecules, which are then absorbed into the organisms body. Nitric oxide can induce apoptosis by making the inner mitochondrial membrane more permeable to hydrogen ions and dissipating the proton gradient. Genomics – the study of the whole set of genetic information in the form of the DNA base sequences that occur in the cells of organisms of a particular species. This is natural selection, the mechanism for evolution. You lower the frame into the quadrat and record any plant touching the needles. Some organisms have more Hox clusters than others. Although wildly employed in experimental animals, germline gene therapy in humans is illegal and ethically unacceptable.

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